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Vertical agreement
A vertical agreement is a term used in competition law to denote agreements between firms at different levels of the supply chain. For instance, a manufacturer of consumer electronics might have a vertical agreement with a retailer according to which the latter would promote their products in return for lower prices. Franchising is a form of vertical agreement, and under European Union competition law this falls within the scope of Article 101.〔''Consten v. Grundig〕
Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure.
==EU competition law: block exemptions for vertical agreements==
Vertical agreements that fulfil the conditions for exemption and do not contain any so-called "hardcore restrictions" of competition are exempted from the prohibition in Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union by Regulation 330/2010 〔''Commission Regulation (EU) 330/2010 on the application of Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices〕
. The main exception is agreements for motor vehicle distribution, which remain subject to Regulation 1400/2002 〔''Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector〕 until 31 May 2013, pursuant to a three-year extension granted in Regulation 461/2010.〔Commission Regulation (EU) 461/2010 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector〕 Although this latter regulation applies Regulation 330/2010 to agreements for the repair of motor vehicles and for the distribution of spare parts as of 1 June 2013, it also supplements Regulation 330 with three additional "hardcore" clauses
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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